As the availability of COVID-19 tests dwindle across Canada, another option to detect the virus in the form of a furry friend may be the next best thing.
Multiple studies show that dogs can be more effective, faster and potentially less expensive than the current tests on the market.
The research has grown since 2020, with University of California Santa Barbara professor Tommy Dickey finding the collective research shows trained scent dogs are “as effective and often more effective” than both the rapid antigen tests many people keep in their homes, and even the PCR tests deployed at clinics and hospitals.
But even with studies showing their effectiveness, COVID-19-detecting dogs are deployed only in certain jurisdictions in various countries.
One such place is the Canines for Care program at Vancouver Coastal Health (VCH), which started looking into the possibility of training dogs to detect COVID-19 in early 2021.
Dr. Marthe Charles, division head of medical microbiology and infection prevention and control at VCH, said the idea stemmed from the early reliance on laboratory testing.
“I think there was a will from public health at the time and also from the various levels of government to try to find a way that was fast, accurate and non-invasive to be able to detect and train as many people as possible,” Charles told Global News in an interview.
Three dogs — two Labrador retrievers and an English springer spaniel — were brought in for training. The dogs were exposed to items such as masks that were worn by patients either negative or positive for the virus. This trained the dogs to recognize what is and is not COVID-19.
Charles said the dogs were trained since being puppies to associate the scent of COVID-19 with food and were rewarded each time they correctly detected a positive case of the virus.
“So from early on in their lives, they’ve associated the scent of a case of COVID to a rewarding scent,” she explained.
This reward method is not just used by VCM. It was also used with a group of dogs sourced in early 2021 for a French study, trained at detection using toys — usually tennis balls — as rewards.
Dr. Carla Simon, owner of Hunter’s Heart Scent Detection Canines in Calgary, said this method of training dogs is common. By using rewards, it can help motivate them to find the scent.
“We would pair, let’s say, the sweat samples with COVID, with their reward, and they notice that every time they find their reward, there’s that special smell,” she explained. “We just have to make it rewarding for the dog.”
She added, however, that the dog chooses the reward so trainers can ensure the canines “show up every day and want to do their job.”
Earlier this month, Dickey along with Heather Junqueira of BioScent, Inc. gathered several peer-reviewed studies into a review that was published in the Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. Dickey said the number of peer-reviewed studies over the past few years went from four to 29, incorporating the work of more than 400 scientists from more than 30 countries and 31,000 samples.
The review noted the effectiveness of dogs’ ability to detect COVID-19 comes down to their noses.
“The nose is not like humans,” Simon said. “It’s massively different, orders of magnitude different, and they can detect things without us being able to smell them.”
Humans have about five to six million olfactory receptors in their noses, while dogs have hundreds of millions. One-third of their brain is devoted to the interpretation of smell — something only five per cent of a human’s brain is committed to, according to Dickey’s review.
The study found dogs’ noses may even be able to detect pre-symptomatic COVID-19 cases, or even those who will develop symptoms later.
Dickey told us in an interview that this could help limit or stop the virus from spreading.
“The longer the wait is between your test and your result, that’s a latent period,” he said. “During that time you’re running around spreading COVID and you don’t know it. The dogs with a direct sniff will be done in seconds.”
Many of the studies conducted, including the work at VCH through the Canine for Care program, have shown dogs’ ability to detect the disease correctly with a success rate of more than 90 per cent. Additionally, the studies also showed a high speed at which the dogs could identify cases. In one study in Thailand, researchers reported the dogs had gone through thousands of samples in just a few weeks.
“The dogs take only one to two seconds to detect the virus per sample. Once they detect a patient, they will sit down,” said Chulalongkorn University professor Kaywalee Chatdarong, who led the 2021 project. “This takes only one to two seconds. Within one minute, they can manage to go through 60 samples.”
Even though the research suggested deploying scent-detection dogs could also be less expensive than rapid or PCR tests, Charles cautioned the logistics that go into training the dog is where it becomes “more prohibitive.”
In VCH’s case, training of the dogs included the medical microbiology lab to provide samples for use, working with infection prevention teams and control nurses, and if a dog identifies an area of concern, cleaning services may need to be utilized. And when it comes to rolling out testing using the dogs, enough staffing is needed for mass screening.
Despite this, while Charles says deploying the dogs widely could be difficult due to staffing and training, they are still one of several tools that can be used in COVID-19 detection.
“I think the way to see those dogs from my perspective is really like another tool in the toolbox and trying to prevent further transmission of pathogen of concern,” she said.
Dickey and Junqueira say dogs should have a place in “serious diagnostic methodology” including in helping should the world face a future pandemic.
A Heart-Wrenching Ordeal: A Dog’s Suffering, Chained, Malnourished, and Thirsty on a Balcony
Owning a pet is a significant commitment that entails a substantial responsibility for their safety and well-being. These living beings are entirely reliant on their owners for care and protection.
Recently, concerned citizens stumbled upon a heart-wrenching scene, where a dog dangled precariously from a balcony, teetering on the brink of tragedy. Fortunately, a swift rescue mission prevented any harm from befalling the desperate canine.
What they encountered on that balcony, however, shocked them more profoundly than the impending disaster itself. The dog, a German Shepherd, was discovered alone on the balcony of an apartment in Egypt. What added to the distressing scenario was the revelation that the dog had endured days of being tethered to the balcony without access to food or water. It appeared famished, and its leap from the balcony seemed to be a final, desperate bid to escape the deplorable conditions.
Regrettably, a chain bound the dog’s neck, rendering it incapable of freeing itself. The poor animal was left hanging over the balcony, choking and helpless. Even if not for the chain, the height of the balcony, three stories above the ground, would have posed a grave risk to the dog.
Miraculously, a man heard the anguished cries of the German Shepherd and rushed to its aid. Another neighbor had already attempted a rescue but had been unsuccessful. With the newcomer’s assistance, they managed to retrieve the dog back onto the balcony.
It was evident that the chain had inflicted severe lacerations on the dog’s neck, although, fortunately, they were not life-threatening. The living conditions on the balcony were nothing short of deplorable, with the dog confined amidst its filth, deprived of both sustenance and hydration.
The dog, with lacerations on its neck from the constricting chain, was subsequently transported to the Egyptian Society for Mercy to Animals shelter. Here, it received the necessary medical attention for its injuries and underwent treatment for any illnesses or ailments it may have acquired during its harrowing confinement. Skilled veterinarians successfully mended the lacerations and administered the care needed for a full recovery.
After a few weeks of treatment, the German Shepherd, now named Bella, was transferred to the Special Needs Animal Rescue & Rehabilitation shelter. From there, she embarked on a journey to the United States, where a loving family had eagerly adopted her. Showered with the love and compassion she deserved, Bella could finally heal from the trauma of her past life in the grim balcony confinement.
Bella made a remarkable recovery and found contentment with her new family. She became a cherished companion to her new guardians and an integral part of their household, leaving behind the horrors of her previous existence on that unforgiving balcony.
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